Langdon graves biography definition
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Spiritual autobiography in Puritan portraiture
ABSTRACTSPIRITUAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN PURITAN PORTRAITUREByLinda JohnsonPuritan portraits provide historical evidence about Puritan spirituality in American Studies scholarship. By means of an interdisciplinary methodology of formal art historical criticism, material culture studies, biblical typology, and religious historiography, this study shows a correlation between the documented textual evidence of a select group of Puritan spiritual autobiographies and the portraits of ten notable men who represent themselves as visible saints. Ideas about visible sainthood and Puritan election related to the scholarship of Janice Knight's Intellectual Fathers and Spiritual Brethren, John Calvin's theory of predestination and election, Reformation typology, Christian mysticism, and millennialism, as well as the implicit and explicit ideas of Neo-Medieval painterly ideals are utilized in this study.Each man's biographical distinctions become obscured as their pictorial choices in the portraits extended their visual compositions beyond mere exhortative devices or autobiographical treatises into transcendent mystical expressions of an elected High Priesthood. In that transcendence, they strove to embody Christ's life from vocation to service in
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Beyond the Grave: Biographies reject Early Greece
Fig. 1. Interpretation Polyphemus amphora from Eleusis. (Courtesy introduce the DAI Athens, Eleusis 544)
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In this bold, innovative, and highly original study, Susan Langdon does away with many old, rather tired, and often labored ways of looking at Greek “Geometric” art and in so doing breathes new life into the iconography of the period between 1100 and 700 B.C. For too long the study of Geometric art has been dominated by the shadow of Homer, a tyranny of the text so pervasive that behind each image there had to be some hint, however remote, of epic narrative.1 Hence, a shipwreck, no matter how anonymous, had to be that of Odysseus and his companions; a chariot race could only be the funerary games for Patroklos or some other hero, and a strange pair of “twins” on a trick vase in the Athenian Agora were ingeniously interpreted, in 1936, a year after its discovery, by Roland Hampe as the young Nestor battling the so-called Aktorione-Molione twins described in Iliad XI.707ff.2 This is not to say that Langdon eschews Homer; she simply reads Homer in a different, and I would argue, more enlightened manner.
Beginning in the 19th century, interpretations of scenes on Greek Geometric pottery, bronzes, ivories, and other small finds flourished, each one trying to surpass an earlier interpretation, each limited only by the imagination of its author. A clas